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Manual Exposure Cheat Sheet for Beginners: How to Expose Manually

22 Oct

The post Manual Exposure Cheat Sheet for Beginners: How to Expose Manually appeared first on Digital Photography School. It was authored by Kevin Landwer-Johan.

Photographers are visual people. Learning is often made easier for us with the help of graphics and images. In this article, I want to break down this classic manual exposure cheat sheet:

manual exposure cheat sheet

Beginner photographers, and even more experienced ones, often think that Manual mode is complicated.

It’s not.

But to learn how to use Manual mode well, you need to understand a few basics. These are the three camera controls that manage exposure:

  • Aperture
  • Shutter speed
  • ISO

You also need to use the exposure meter, LCD, or viewfinder to assist you in choosing the best settings. If you read the light, you can then set your exposure.

This manual exposure cheat sheet will help you understand these few essentials.

Woman in a red sofa outdoors manual exposure cheat sheet
© Kevin Landwer-Johan | Nikon D800 | Nikon 35mm f/1.8 | 1/125 sec | ISO 100

Reading the light

All modern cameras have a built-in exposure meter. This tool indicates when you have your settings balanced to achieve a good exposure. In most cameras, it looks something like this:

Exposure meter illustration manual exposure cheat sheet

Some cameras use a number system and a + or – symbol to show the exposure value.

Whatever display method your camera uses, you are aiming to have the meter read “0.” This is the indication you have a good exposure. If the display indicates the exposure is toward the – side, your photo will be underexposed. If it’s showing that the exposure is toward the + side, your photo will be overexposed.

This is a very simplified explanation of the metering system. To gain a more in-depth understanding of how it works, please read this article: Understanding Exposure Metering Modes.

With many cameras, you can also use the rear LCD to help you determine the best exposure settings. Additionally, mirrorless cameras allow you to see the effect of changes you make via the viewfinder.

To discover if your camera has this function, turn on Live View and set your camera to Manual mode. Now adjust your aperture and/or shutter speed. Can you see the brightness value of the LCD change as you do this? If so, you can use your LCD screen and/or viewfinder to help you manage your exposure settings. If you are new to using Manual mode, this method will make learning easier.

Whether you look at the exposure meter graphic or use your viewfinder/LCD to help you choose your settings, treat these as a guide. Your camera does not know what the main subject of your composition is. You must control the exposure so the most important part of your image is well exposed.

Tropical sunset manual exposure cheat sheet
© Kevin Landwer-Johan | Nikon D700 | 20mm | 1/125 sec | f/5.6 | ISO 400

Adjusting your aperture

Every lens has an aperture. This is an adjustable diaphragm that controls how much light can enter the lens. Each aperture setting corresponds to an f-stop.

A smaller f-stop number indicates more light will enter the lens. A higher number means the opening is smaller and less light will enter.

Aperture illustration for manual exposure cheat sheet

On this manual exposure cheat sheet, you can see there is a range of aperture settings. The smallest aperture setting, on the left, is f/16. To the right of the graphic is the widest setting, at f/1.4. Not all lenses have the same aperture settings. Some will have wider or narrower minimum and maximum settings.

Along with governing the amount of light that enters the lens, the aperture setting influences depth of field (DOF).

DOF is the amount of the photo that is acceptably sharp. The wider the aperture setting you choose, the shallower the DOF will be. You can see this on the cheat sheet graphic of the person and tree. At f/16, both the person and tree are sharp. At f/1.4, the person is sharp and the tree in the background is out of focus.

A narrow aperture setting allows less light to enter the lens. It also means you’ll have more of your photo in focus. A wide aperture setting allows more light into the lens and the DOF is shallower.

You can adjust the aperture setting to help balance your exposure and control how much of your composition is in focus. The amount of DOF can be used creatively in your photographs.

Woman taking a photograph manual exposure cheat sheet
© Kevin Landwer-Johan | Nikon D800 | 105mm | 1/320 sec | f/2.8 | ISO 100

Setting your shutter speed

Inside your camera, there’s a shutter. This typically consists of two “blinds” that open and close when you press the shutter release button. Opening the shutter exposes the camera sensor to light, which allows it to create an image.

The duration the shutter is open for controls how much light will affect the sensor. If the shutter is open for too long, the photo will be overexposed. If the shutter is open for a duration that is too short, the photo will be underexposed.

Your choice of shutter speed can also affect how sharp your photos will be.

If you choose a shutter speed that’s too slow and your camera moves during the time the shutter is open, your photo will be blurred. This is known as camera shake.

If you have a moving subject and use a slow shutter speed, your subject will be blurred. This is known as motion blur.

Using a faster shutter speed will help you avoid camera shake and unwanted motion blur.

Shutter speed illustration manual exposure cheat sheet

In the manual exposure cheat sheet, you can see the graphic of a person running. At a shutter speed setting of 1/1000s, the figure is sharp. At a setting of 1/60s, the figure is blurred a little. At a shutter speed of 1 second, the figure is very blurred. The relationship between how fast your subject is moving and the shutter speed will determine how much blurring occurs.

You can adjust the shutter speed to help balance your exposure and to control blur from camera shake or motion. Motion blur and camera shake, or a lack thereof, can be used creatively in your photography.

Woman at the fresh market - manual exposure cheat sheet
© Kevin Landwer-Johan | Nikon D800 |35mm | 1/2 sec | f/11 | ISO 100

Determining your ISO

ISO settings control how responsive your camera’s sensor is to light. A low number means your sensor is going to be less responsive than when you use a high number.

I prefer to use my ISO as a foundation for my exposure. I generally only adjust it when lighting conditions change significantly.

Outside on a sunny day, you will want to choose a low ISO. Inside or at night, you will want to choose a high ISO.

ISO illustration manual exposure cheat sheet

Unlike your other two exposure settings, ISO has no creative influence on your photos. It will affect the technical quality, though. At higher ISO settings, digital noise will start to appear in your photos. The color and contrast will also tend to flatten out.

In the manual exposure cheat sheet, you can see that lower ISO settings mean the sensor is less responsive compared to higher ISO settings. To avoid seeing digital noise in your photos, always aim to use the lowest ISO setting you can.

Thai entertainment
© Kevin Landwer-Johan | Nikon D800 | 105mm | 1/250 sec | f/4 | ISO 6400

Stop! This is important

Each incremental change indicated by the manual exposure cheat sheet is one “stop.” The term “stop” in photography is the measurement of exposure. Plus one stop means the exposure is doubled. Minus one stop means the exposure is halved.

A stop can be controlled by aperture, shutter speed, or ISO. If you adjust one setting by plus one stop, you can always achieve the same initial exposure by adjusting another setting by minus one stop, and so on.

As you can see on the cheat sheet, the increments I have used for the shutter speed and ISO are clearly half or double the adjacent numbers. The f-stop numbers appear a bit random, however. This is because they indicate the aperture opening size in relation to the lens focal length. But each f-stop setting is either half or double the setting on either side of it.

red lanterns against a blue sky
© Kevin Landwer-Johan | Nikon D700 | 20mm | 1/60 sec | f/4 | ISO 400

Manual exposure cheat sheet: Conclusion

Manual exposure of your photographs is not so complicated. All you need to do is manage the relationship between the three exposure settings.

The relationship between aperture settings, exposure, and depth of field is plain to see on this cheat sheet. How your choice of shutter speed affects both exposure and blurring is also well illustrated. Keep your ISO in mind and make it as low as you can. But don’t hesitate to alter it when you need to.

Print the manual exposure cheat sheet to make learning and mastering Manual mode a little easier. It will not happen without some commitment and practice.

But once you become familiar with Manual mode and manage your exposures well, your photography will become more creative.

The post Manual Exposure Cheat Sheet for Beginners: How to Expose Manually appeared first on Digital Photography School. It was authored by Kevin Landwer-Johan.


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How to do Creative Photography Montages with a Contact Sheet Template in Photoshop

19 Sep

The post How to do Creative Photography Montages with a Contact Sheet Template in Photoshop appeared first on Digital Photography School. It was authored by Ana Mireles.

Do you like adding borders to your digital photos? Apps and editing programs offer a wide variety of fun and creative ones for you to choose from. The sprockets from film photography have become very popular because of its vintage look. I’ve decided to bring this idea one step further and make creative photography montages with a contact sheet template in Photoshop. Read on to learn how you can too.

Creative-Photography-Montages-using-photoshop

 

Contact Sheet

Contact sheets come from film photography and are made by placing the film negative directly onto the light-sensitive paper and then exposing light onto it. Because of this, the resulting image was a positive image of the film on a 1:1 scale.

Creative-Photography-Montages-using-photoshop

Film comes in different formats: 35mm, medium and large. Furthermore, each brand puts the frame number, name and other information on the film. You can use all of these as different styles for your template. See how the same image can look so different just by changing the type of film border.

Creative-Photography-Montages-using-photoshop

Each different film will result in a different contact sheet, and you can use any of them for your montage. There are many styles available for sale on stock photography websites, and of course, you can scan an original one to use. However, if you want to create your own, I’ll show you how to easily design a basic 35mm contact sheet in Photoshop.

Creative-Photography-Montages-using-photoshop

Digital 35mm contact sheet created in Photoshop

Film rolls of 35mm were available in 12, 24 or 36 frames. Because of this, it’s easier if the size of your document is a multiple of six on the longest side. For now, I’ll make the artboard 24 cm both in height and width so that I can create 36 frames. Later, I can add some extra space if I see it’s too tight.

Open a new document in Photoshop

To begin, turn on your rulers. If they’re not visible by going to Menu -> View -> Rulers. You can change the measurement units by right-clicking on them and then choosing centimeters. Now draw your guides by clicking on the ruler and dragging it to the place you need it. I’ll put them every 4 cm so that I can design six frames per row.

To put your guides on exact co-ordinates, go to Menu -> New Guide. In the New Guide window, choose Horizontal or Vertical, and then enter your exact position number, and press OK. Your guide will then appear in the exact position you want on your artboard. Repeat the process to have exact guidelines.

Use guides to distribute your canvas

Now you know where to draw your film.

From the toolbox, choose the Custom Shape Tool. Then go to the Options bar and open the shapes menu, where you’ll find the 35mm Film shape.

Photoshop Custom Shapes

You can choose the color in the same option bar. I’ll do a dark grey to simulate the original as close as possible, but you can do something more contrasting if you like.

Drag and drop at the start of each guide, and repeat until you fill your contact sheet.

Use the guides to draw your shape

Now determine the canvas size by going to Menu -> Image -> Canvas Size. Make it to your liking. I’ll only add some space on the sides.

You can turn off your guides now by pressing Cmd+; (mac), or Alt+; (windows).

Contact sheet template

To make your template more manageable, merge all your shapes together, and then rasterize them. You can find both commands by right-clicking on the selected layers to open the pop-up menu.

Merge and rasterize

Make a selection of the frames where the image will show to create your collage. Save it by going to Menu -> Selection -> Save Selection. When the pop-up window opens, leave all the settings as they are and just name it. Then click OK. This way, you won’t have to make the selection every time you add an image.

Make the selection and save it

Add the base image by going to the menu File -> Place and adjust to the right size. You can also do Copy and Paste but then your image won’t be a Smart Object and it can lose quality if you modify it many times. To learn more about this, check out Photoshop Smart Objects for Beginners.

Place the base image

Now the image is visible through the contact sheet, but it’s also coming through the sprockets and on the sides. This is where the saved selection from before comes in handy. You now load the selection by going to menu -> Selection -> Load Selection.

Then click the Create a Layer Mask button from the bottom of the Layers panel.

Use layer masks to shape the image

Add other images into the mix, or use the same one in different sizes and places to create your collage. Just repeat the process for each image you want to add and your montage is ready.

Place more images to compose the montage

If you are having any trouble with the visualization of certain images make sure the layers are in the right order.

Check out this Introduction to Photoshop Layers Possibilities and Properties for help if you need it.

Now let your creativity flow and have fun. Share the results of your creative photography montages with us in the comments section!

Additional reading

For more ideas on creative photography montages, check out these tutorials:

How to Make a Joiner Collage for a Retro Style Panorama

4 Concepts for Collages, Diptychs, Album Pages, etc.

How to Make a Photoshop Collage in 9 Simple Steps

 

creative-photography-montages-photoshop

The post How to do Creative Photography Montages with a Contact Sheet Template in Photoshop appeared first on Digital Photography School. It was authored by Ana Mireles.


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CatLABS introduces FILM 80, a new black and white film in 120 format, sheet film to follow

04 May

US film camera equipment store and distributor CatLABs has introduced its own brand of black and white negative film that it claims is unique and not available anywhere else. CatLABs says its FILM 80 is a classic emulsion along the lines of Kodak’s Panatomic-X with a high silver content and very fine grain.

Obviously Panatomic-X was rated at ASA 32 and this new emulsion isn’t quite as slow, but CatLABS says it can be rated anywhere between ISO 50 and 800 with different processing techniques and it will still produce a wide tonal range. It can be processed in a number of different developers but 9.30 minutes is the quoted time for standard work at ISO 80 in stock solutions of Ilford ID11 or Kodak D76. Agfa Rodinal is recommended for down rating to ISO 50.

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The film is available now in 120 rolls, and will soon come out in sheet formats. It will be early 2020 before 135 format can be bought. A roll of 120 costs $ 5.55 or a pack of ten can be had for $ 55. See the CatLABS website for more details.

Manufacturer’s information:

CatLABS X FILM 80 (120) BW Negative Film

CatLABS X FILM 80 is a traditional, slow-speed, fine-grain, high silver content film, designed for a wide array of shooting conditions.

Following in the footsteps of Kodak’s famous ‘Panatomic-X’ (which was used in Polaroid’s equally famous Type 55 film), CatLABS X FILM 80 brings back a classic touch with its unique look.

An ideal “daylight” film, offering versatility and unique characteristics not found in any other currently made film on the market today.

Characterized by its very fine grain, moderate contrast and deep tonal range.
Exhibits a wide exposure latitude under various lighting conditions, and extreme flexibility in processing options.

Rate it at 50 ISO when shooting indoors (under studio lighting) for extreme fine-grain, or push it as high as 800 when shooting in low light conditions.

CatLABS X FILM 80/120 has an IE of 80 ISP.

Articles: Digital Photography Review (dpreview.com)

 
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Kodak Alaris to release Ektachrome 120 and sheet film this summer

29 Jan

Kodak Alaris has revealed plans to ship its revived Ektachrome product in 120 format and sheet film variants later this year. The revelation was made by Kodak Alaris UK Quality Manager Andy Church on the Sunny 16 podcast last week (approx. 16 minute mark), during which he stated that the new products may launch in around three months, depending on production.

Kodak began shipping its new Ektachrome E100 film product globally in September 2018, followed by the Ektachrome 7294 Reversal Film in Super 8 format in October. The company previously indicated it would likely launch the E100 product in 120 format and sheet sizes, something it is now actively working on due to the 35mm product’s success.

The company must deal with some ‘technical hurdles,’ according to Thomas J. Mooney, Kodak Alaris’s film capture business manager who spoke with Kosmo Foto. According to Mooney, ‘Based on the very favourable response to our 135 format launch of Ektachrome E100, we recognise there is definitely a market need/demand for these additional formats, and activity is now underway.’

Church breaks down the technical issue during the podcast, stating the 120 format and sheet film require ‘slight adjustments’ to the formula. The company has ‘started having some pilot coatings and as things progress we’re going towards a more production-scale coating,’ Church explained.

Assuming everything proceeds smoothly, Church estimated the products may arrive in around three months, while Mooney provided ‘mid-summer’ as the company’s estimation.

Articles: Digital Photography Review (dpreview.com)

 
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Rare, original Marilyn Monroe contact sheet by Bert Stern appears on eBay for $195K

23 Jan

A new eBay listing is offering a 76 x 99.7cm / 30 x 39.25in contact sheet created by commercial photographer Bert Stern that features a dozen images of Norma Jeane Mortenson, more widely known as Marilyn Monroe. The mounted photo worksheet, which is described as being in excellent condition, was acquired by the New York-based seller rarepics914 from ‘an artist friend.’

The rare contact sheet features images captured during Stern’s ‘The Last Sitting’ portrait series, which was notably Monroe’s last photo shoot before she passed away due to a barbiturate overdose. Though the contact sheet shows some marks and minor wear from handling, it was kept safe for more than four decades in a storage facility, according to the seller, where it was protected from fading and damage.

The contact sheet is currently listed for sale on eBay with a Buy It Now price of $ 195,000 USD. Interested potential buyers can also make an offer and request to arrange a private viewing with the seller. Seller rarepics914 has a 100% rating with 633 confirmed reviews.

Articles: Digital Photography Review (dpreview.com)

 
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How to Shoot in Manual Mode Cheat Sheet for Beginners

16 Nov

The “Manual Photography Cheat Sheet-Reloaded” by The London School of Photography is a clean-cut, visual way of showing you how to step-up your photography game from automatic to manual shooting. Not only does shooting in Manual Mode enable you to produce sharp well-composed imagery – but you’ll also gain a stronger understanding of the inner workings of your camera and just how all those curious settings work in synch with each other.

How to Shoot in Manual Mode Cheat Sheet for Beginners

By shooting in Manual Mode you have full control of your shutter speed, ISO, and aperture, among an array of other settings that can further fine-tune your images. Manually controlling the aperture, for example, can help you achieve those beautiful portraits with blurred bokeh backgrounds. It’s also highly useful for changing shutter speeds, enabling you to achieve amazing shots of those fast-moving subjects like cars or cyclists in crystal clear motion without sacrificing quality.

You may often find yourself in a tricky lighting situation where everything appears far too dark, too light, or very grainy. Unfortunately, automatic mode can’t always hack these extreme conditions and often activates your camera’s flash at the smallest hint of darkness (making some photos appear positively awful). This is where learning to shoot in Manual Mode can be a lifesaver.

ISO

One of the most talked about settings on a camera is the ISO; a numerical value on your camera that controls light sensitivity. Your camera’s ISO allows you to adjust its light-sensitivity and allows it to pick up more light. Or on the flip side, to reduce your exposure on those bright sunny days for a well-balanced result.

I highly encourage experimenting with different lighting conditions to find your ideal ISO. But be wary of making your ISO too high in dark conditions as this will increase the amount of noise in your final images.

Aperture

Another common term you may have come across is aperture. This is essentially an opening in the lens that affects your exposure. It is also responsible for controlling the depth of field.

Generally, the lower the number (or f-stop), the larger the opening of the lens will be which will result in less depth of field – ideal for those blurry backgrounds. On the other hand, the higher your aperture the sharper the background will be – making it great for capturing all the tiny details in your scene (great for landscapes).

Shutter Speed

How to Shoot in Manual Mode Cheat Sheet for Beginners

Shutter speed is another key player that determines your image’s final outcome. It is essentially the exposure time of the camera’s inner shutter that stays open to allow light to enter and hit the sensor.

Generally, if you’re after blurred shots that illustrate an object’s motion (for example a racing car or cyclist) then a slow shutter speed will keep the shutter open for longer, allowing for a longer exposure time. A faster shutter speed, however, is perfect for a pristine action shot with no motion blurs.

White Balance

Another setting on your camera which also directly affects your images is your White Balance (WB). The process of setting your White Balance involves removing unrealistic color casts and ultimately using a setting that produces more naturally toned images.

It is especially useful in removing harsh yellow tones or redness on the skin. Alternatively, White Balance can be used in unconventional ways to refine your photographic style. For example, for edgier photos, the Tungsten White Balance preset can be used in an overcast setting to produce blue hues and enhance contrasts. With this in mind, it’s highly beneficial to experiment with the various White Balance modes to achieve your desired results.

Things to note for shooting in Manual Mode

Keep in mind that when you’re ready to shoot in Manual Mode your settings will not adjust to your shooting conditions. You have to adjust them, manually. By keeping this in mind you’ll ensure your exposures are consistent throughout a shoot. The process of changing your settings may sound tedious at first, but it will actually ensure your images are consistent.

This is what shooting in an automatic mode lacks, as it calculates how much light is being measured through your camera’s light meter. As good as this might sound to you, you’ll probably find that as you adjust your shooting position, the subject moves, or the lighting condition changes to overcast – you’ll eventually have a set of very inconsistently exposed images.

Other shooting modes

camera modes - How to Shoot in Manual Mode Cheat Sheet for Beginners

As much as I love to shoot manual, don’t forget about the other letters on your mode dial that are sparking your curiosity. In fact, I even recommend shooting in these semi-automatic modes as practice to help you understand exposure compensation.

  • Program mode (P) is a great transition mode when stepping out of the auto-shooting world. It governs similar shooting to auto but allows you to adjust the exposure by controlling compensation through a dial. If any of your photos appear dark, then using this simple feature can increase the brightness.
  • Aperture priority is another great transitional mode to shoot in that allows you control over aperture as well as the ISO. It gives you control over your depth of field as well as the exposure compensation to control brightness.

If you think you’ve mastered these settings then you’re ready to go manual!

Finally

In addition to camera settings, we highly recommend the following tips that will further enhance your experience of migrating to manual shooting; such as the use of a tripod, golden hours, and the top photographic golden rules to keep in mind for capturing stunning imagery time and time again.

How to Shoot in Manual Mode Cheat Sheet for Beginners

Download the full cheat sheet infographic all-in-one here.

The post How to Shoot in Manual Mode Cheat Sheet for Beginners by Antonio Leanza appeared first on Digital Photography School.


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Trumpets jason derulo trumpet sheet music pdf

27 Aug

Trumpets jason derulo trumpet sheet music pdf film has broken records — don’t write just “I love this song. Vivaldi’s Concerto for Two Trumpets, does it mean anything special hidden between the lines to you? The Arrangement Details Tab gives you detailed information about this particular arrangement of Talk Dirty, and some sink without trace. […]
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A Photographer’s Shutter Speed Cheat Sheet as a Handy Reference for You

01 Mar

To take your photography to the next level and achieve perfectly exposed photos, it’s important to understand and master shutter speed and its relationship to Exposure. However, what’s even more exciting and challenging is using shutter speed as an artistic tool to achieve stunning effects.

Whether you want to master shutter speed as part of Exposure Triangle or use it artistically, the Shutter Speed Cheat Sheet makes things much easier!

Shutter Speed Cheat Sheet DPS 700px

Full Stop, ½ Stop, 1/3 Stop

The equation behind the relationship between Exposure and Shutter Speed is straightforward; by doubling or halving the shutter speed you are changing the exposure value by 1-stop. However, the introduction of digital cameras changed everything by no longer restricting how much we can change the shutter speed. Some cameras allow us to change the speed by half or even a third of a stop. Use the Shutter Speed Cheat Sheet to help you estimate and calculate your exposure.

Safe Shutter Speed

Using the right shutter speed is vital in photographing moving objects. Look at the Shutter Speed Cheat Sheet to see how speed directly affects image sharpness.

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Light

The Cheat Sheet illustrates how a faster shutter speed means that less light reaches the camera sensor and a longer shutter speed means that more light reaches the sensor.

Artistically Shooting with Shutter Speed Cheat Sheet

Birds in Flight 1/2000

Wildlife photographers typically use a 1/2000th of a second shutter speed to ensure birds in flight are sharp. Ultimately, you can reduce the speed to 1/400th to give the bird a sharp body and blurry wings.

Action Sports

Shutter speed is crucial in fast-moving sports like football and soccer where a shutter speed between 1/500th and 1/1000th freezes the action to create crisp and sharp images.

Street Photography 1/250th – 1/500th

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Most streets are in constant movement with pedestrians and vehicles. That is why shutter speed is critical to produce the right exposure and to avoid soft or blurry images.

Shutter Spped Cheat Sheet StreetPhotography

Street Photography 1/250th, f/8, ISO 100.

Landscapes 1/125th – ¼

Shutter speed varies across landscapes and techniques. When using a tripod, a slower shutter speed of 1/8th or ¼ of a second is acceptable. However, to avoid blurry images when shooting hand held, you need to use a faster shutter speed.

Shutter Spped Cheat Sheet Landscapes

Landscape 1/125th, f/8, ISO 100.

Panning Cars 1/15th – 1/60th

Panning is an artistic effect created when a slower shutter speed of 1/15th to 1/60th is used to track a moving object like a car. This causes the car to stay in focus while its surroundings are completely blurred.

Waterfalls 1/8th – 2 seconds

Capturing fast-moving water with a longer shutter speed creates a visual effect of motion blur which does not exist in reality.

Shutter Spped Cheat Sheet RunningWater

Waterfall 1/6th, f/20, ISO 100.

Blurring Water half – 5 seconds

For slower moving water like ocean, lakes, and rivers you need to use a shutter speed slower than half a second to create dreamy landscapes and seascapes with silky, smooth water.

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Shutter Spped Cheat Sheet Water

Slow Moving Water 4 seconds, f/6.3, ISO 100.

Fireworks 2-8 seconds

Capturing fireworks can be exceptionally difficult. A faster shutter speed yields a speck of light across a dark sky and a slower speed creates a blurry, overexposed image. Try using a 3-5 second shutter speed for optimal results.

Stars 15–25 seconds

Like fireworks, shooting the stars requires balance. A faster shutter speed produces tiny and dim stars, but a longer shutter speed (over 30 seconds) produces a trail effect. For the brightest and clearest stars, try a shutter speed between 15 and 25 seconds.

Star Trails

Take advantage of the earth spinning on its axis by opening the shutter speed long enough to capture the star trail. This is often done with a 15-minute (or longer) shutter speed (exposure time). However, you can create the same effect digitally by taking a series of photos (100+) with a 30 seconds exposure each. Later, blend the images together using editing software to create a gorgeous trail effect.

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Flexible sheet camera concept could lead to bendable capture devices

14 Apr

Researchers at Columbia University are working to produce a flexible sheet camera with stretchable lenses. The program aims to create very thin, high resolution cameras that can be wrapped around surfaces like car panels. Currently in concept form, the sheet lens array that such a camera might use has been developed to produce a seamless image on a flexible sensor when it is bent or wrapped around a physical object.

The focus of the research is in creating flexible lenses that are capable of changing shape (and hence the effective focal length) as they are stretched and compressed so that the imaging sensor can record a detailed image whatever the field of view.

With fixed lenses, gaps appear between the coverage of the lenses as the substrate is bent (left), but in the researcher’s flexible lens example (right) the lenses bend with the substrate and offer continuous coverage of the subject.

In previous attempts at flexible lens arrays only the substrate has been flexible, and as the sheet of lenses has been bent gaps have appeared in the subject coverage as the angle between the lenses increased beyond their individual field of view. These gaps lead to aliasing artifacts in the final image that can’t be corrected in post-processing software. In this new concept the lenses are also flexible and they stretch as the sheet bends, altering their focal length and providing better sampling of the subject.

So far the research has successfully produced a sheet of silicone with lenses molded on one side and a diffuser behind a sheet of apertures on the other. The apertures act as a low pass filter ensuring light from each molded lens reaches only one point on the viewing diffuser.

Images created with the substrate bend by different degrees, showing how the field of view changes

The system hasn’t actually been used with a sensor yet, but the study did use it to project images on to the diffuser screen to determine how effective it would be. Bending the sheet increased and decreased its field of view, or effective focal length, and the images were displayed without missing areas. All that is required now is a flexible sensor to go with it.

An array of lenses was formed by pouring silicone into a metal mold

The intention of the project is to work towards finding a way of making sheets of lenses to work with photosensitive materials that will record images when wrapped around real-world objects. The researchers want ultimately be able to produce these sheet cameras in roll format at a low cost so that the sheets can be cut to size to suit specific uses.

The released information suggests a sheet camera could be wrapped around the panels of a car to give the driver a view from all angles. Alternatively sheet cameras could be used by consumers to take normal pictures but with the user bending the sheet to alter the field of view, or zoom effect, of the system.

For more information see the project’s page on the University of Columbia website.

Press release:

Flexible Sheet Cameras With Elastic Optics

In this project, we pursue a radically different approach to imaging. Rather than seeking to capture the world from a single point in space, our goal is to explore the idea of imaging using a thin, large, flexible sheet. If such cameras can be made at a low cost (ideally, like a roll of plastic sheet), they can be used to image the world in ways that would be difficult to achieve using one or more conventional cameras. In the most general sense, such an imaging system would enable any surface in the real world to capture visual information. While there is significant ongoing work on the development of flexible image sensors, our interest here is in the design of the optics needed to form images on such sensors.

At first glance one might imagine that a simple lens array aligned with a flexible detector array would suffice – its field of view (FOV) can be varied by simply bending it. What is perhaps less apparent is the fact that, in a curved state, the FOV can end up being severely under-sampled. This under-sampling leads to a captured image that is not bandlimited. Thus, the Nyquist sampling criterion is violated and the image will suffer from aliasing artifacts when reconstructed. It is important to note that these artifacts cannot be removed via post-processing since scene information is lost during image formation.

To address the above aliasing problem over an entire range of sheet curvatures, we propose the design of a deformable (elastic) lens array. We show that, if designed carefully, the deformable lenses of the array will change shape (and hence focal length) under bending forces in a way that mitigates aliasing. A remarkable feature of our design is that the lens array can achieve aliasing compensation passively, without the use of any per-pixel actuation or control. Our optics can be combined with a flexible sensor array to obtain a complete sheet camera. This project was supported by the Office of Naval Research (ONR).

Articles: Digital Photography Review (dpreview.com)

 
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Ilford Photo announces ordering program for unusual sizes of sheet film

01 Apr

UK film manufacturer Harman Technologies has announced that orders are being taken for unusual sheet and roll film sizes in its annual program for supplying low volume and custom-sized Ilford Photo materials for vintage and large format camera owners. Rather than making odd sizes on the chance that they will sell, the company uses it Ultra Large Format (ULF) program to collect orders from the public and institutions through specified retailers and sets aside time especially to produce film to fit old cameras.

The company offers these odd sizes in Ilford FP4 Plus, HP5 Plus and Delta 100 Professional black and white emulsions. Sheet materials as large as 20 x 24in. and as small as 2.25 x 3.25in. are on offer, as well as roll film in 46mm (127 film) and 70mm widths. Sheet sized film is also available in rolls for users to cut themselves, and can be ordered in widths of up to 20in (x 50ft). Some sizes have no minimum order volumes and can be ordered as a single box.

For information on which films and sizes are available, and through which retailers, see the Ilford Ultra Large Format information sheet (pdf). Orders must be placed by Friday 27th May 2016.

Press release:

ILFORD PHOTO ULF, CUSTOM & SPECIALIST FILM MANUFACTURE 2016

Buoyed by the fantastic response from the film photography community around the world, HARMAN technology Limited are delighted to be offering film photographers the opportunity to place orders for a range of specialist film products for the 11th consecutive year.

With the continued revival in film photography, it is vital to have film available for photographers using ultra large format alongside previously popular film formats for antique and collectable cameras.

By consolidating orders HARMAN technology can supply products that would not normally be viable to manufacture.

“This program enables us to further support the world of film photography that uses and values our conventional products” said Giles Branthwaite, Director of Sales and Marketing at Harman technology. “Through running the ULF program each year, we are able to satisfy the strong demand for specialist film formats. Whilst manufacture is not easy, we have been rewarded by increased demand year on year ensuring we will continue to address and care for this market.”

Films available for this year are ILFORD FP4 PLUS, HP5 PLUS, and DELTA 100 PROFESSIONAL. Not all films are available in all formats.

For a full list of the 2016 items and participating dealers visit:
http://www.ilfordphoto.com/ulf

The options available reflect what has been asked for over the past 10 years. HARMAN is happy to consider any other size suggestions but do not guarantee to make them available.
For sheet sizes an order for just one single box can be made, but for roll sizes this is not possible due to potentially excessive waste. Please see the minimums and multiples required next to the appropriate roll size.

Note:
Orders must be placed with the listed ULF reseller partners no later than Friday 27th May.

The UK factory will start to ship orders to Distributors during August and end users should check with the local ULF reseller for expected arrival dates.

Articles: Digital Photography Review (dpreview.com)

 
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